FILIPINA/O AMERICAN
- Imperialism: Philippines ceded to U.S. after Spanish-American War (Treaty of Paris 1898). Became U.S. territory in 1902 after defeat of resistant forces. U.S. exerts extensive cultural influence
- Push factors: overpopulation and poor farmland
- Pull factors: interest in cheap labor in Hawaii, especially after Gentleman’s Agreement. Hawaii Sugar Plantation Association (HSPA) as competitor to Philippine sugar interests. Need to control Japanese farmer labor militancy
- Immigrant demographic: single men (US nationals), “sojourner mentality”, English-speaking, Catholic
- Mass Immigration: 1900s
“According to the 1930 Census, Pinays worked in canneries; as farmworkers, contractors, cooks, and bookkeepers; an in service-sector jobs in the food industry as waitress and cooks in domestic service” (165).
- Dawn Mabalon, co-founder of Little Manila Foundation, author, baker, professor